Active Living: is defined as "a way of life in which physical activity is valued and integrated into daily life" - Active Living incorporates the concepts of physical activity, total life experience, relevance of physical activity to daily life and its facilitation with communities. (Quinney, et, al., Towards Active Living - 1994)

The adoption of an active lifestyle: is an ongoing, dynamic process; it is not a matter of being active or not; therefore, no one intervention technique or strategy ensures a desired behavior change. In other words, the counselor should consider the market mix for physical activity - the product, place, price and promotion as they pertain to the specific individual or group. These considerations can be assisted by assessing the individual’s stage of change (resistence, recruitment, retention, relapse or recovery). The result is a 4 x 5 PR matrix. Hence, "For success in promoting physical activity involvement, you must attend to your PRs." (Wankel and Hills, Towards Active Living, 1994)

Active Living: is based on the premise that the benefits of physical activity goes beyond the prevention of disease to include feeling better, having fun, socializing with others, increasing our abilities to function in daily life and gaining more control over our lives. (Edwards, 1990) Active Living connects the mind, body and spirit in physical activity.

Benefits- Based Recreation: describes an approach which deliberately targets strategies that will ensure the delivery of the benefits of parks and recreation for :

• Personal - benefits that help individuals achieve their full potential
• Social - benefits that promote healthy families, neighbourhoods, communities of interests
• Economic - benefits critical to financial well-being
• Environmental - benefits leading to the protection of the ecology
  (Benefits of Parks and Recreation: A Catalogue, 1992)

Biological Diversity: The variability among living organisms. There are three categories of biological diversity: species, genetic and ecosystem (the 3 are not mutually exclusive). (Aylward and Barbier, 1993).

Contingent Value Methods: of research are best used to estimate user and non-user values for a non-market commodities such as park and recreation services. The CVM asks questions of potential users of recreation targeting their willingness to pay for those goods and services. These questions can also be asked of those who may value a particular recreation option through community surveys or other techniques for gathering opinions. CVM may then reveal preferences for:

• Existence value - knowing that the recreation resource exists
• Option value - expectations that they may use recreation opportunity in future
• Bequest value - satisfaction attained from passing recreation opportunity which is also included in responses to willingness to pay questions
  (Colorado Parks/Recreation, 1993)

Determinants of Health: There is no single most important factor responsible for the health of populations. It is the interaction of behaviour and biology that is important. Perhaps even more important are the contexts, or environments in which the interaction takes place. Physical, social, economic and cultural environments - where people live, work and play - appear to condition and modify the effects of individual behaviour and biology. (Stoddard, G.; "Towards an Understanding of the Determinants of health - Together" )

Direct Impact: are the impacts on employment, wages and salaries and total income resulting from the direct expenditures of monies, (profits); purshases in support of operations and taxes paid.. (ArtFacts, Ontario Arts Council, 1994)

Economic Impact: is expressed in terms of the effect on a standard economic indicator such as Gross Domestic Product, total output or employment. The economic consequences of the flow or expenditures through the economy related to a given product, program, industry or set of activities. (ArtFacts, Ontario Arts Council, 1994)

Ecotourism: is tourism based principally upon natural and archaeological/historical resources such as birds and other wildlife, scenic areas, reefs, caves, fossil sites, archaeological sites, wetlands and areas of rare or endangered species. Ecotourism involves travelling to relatively undistrubed and uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of admiring, studying and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals as well as any exising cultural features found in these areas (Kusler, 1991)

Expressive Techniques: The use of art, drama, puppetry, film making, fantasy and dance are all identified as therapeutic mediums used within therapeutic recreation services. The goals of the techniques generally revolve around such areas as: enhancement of self-awareness; communication; self-expression; motor skill development; creative play; and cognition. (Lovelace, 1972; Stensrud, Mishkin, Craft & Pollack, /87; Thompson & Wade, /74, Williams/75).

Family Therapeutic Recreation: is the application of recreation activities (including reality-oriented discussions) in the treatment of family members as a unit to help them achieve better personal and group functioning...(Clift, 1972, p.25)

Goodness: is a term used to describe benefits from the provision of goods or services which cannot be specifically measured by a price or other quantifiable economic value. An intangible good is one which cannot be counted and for which a value cannot be easily determined. (Colorado, Parks/Recreation, 1993)

Health: is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and more merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. (World Health Organization)

Indirect Impact: are the round by rounds expenditures which occur as money circulates, supporting additional employment and creating more employment and personal and total income. Induced effects are the impacts created in the local economy when new employees are hired to support the economic activity generated by agency expenditures and these new households, along with existing households, spend their wages on consumer goods and services. (Colorado Parks/Recreation, 1993)

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) : states that hospital accreditation will eventually depend upon the assessment of physician diagnostic and treatment performance. The JCAHO plans to implement quality assessment instead of the current quality assurance (ie quality by inspection). Quality Assessment is aimed at developing a cycle for continuous improvement by establishing acceptable standards, developing a quality management program/plan and measuring patient outcomes. (Quaglietti & Froelicher)

Marketing: The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual (consumer) and organizational objectives. (American Marketing Association)

Multiplier: The type III employment multiplier is 1.416 suggesting that 0.416 jobs are indirectly created for each direct job. The type III personal income multiplier is 1.855, that is each dollar going the wages and salaries will generate another 85 cents of indirect and induced wages. (Colorado Parks/Recreation, 1993)

Outcome Measures: Most studies have used either indirect measures of exercise (e.g., self-reports) or simple measures of physical fitness, based on heart rate or treadmill time. The absence of uniform outcome-measures prevents a clear comparison of results across studies. (Physical Activity, Fitness and Health- International Proceedings, 1994)

Optimum healthful longevity: is the ultimate objective of all preventative medicine. The challenge/issue at hand is to encourage the least active and fit 20% of the population to become active. (Blair, Brill and Barlow; 1994)

Population Health: has as its goal the best possible health status for the entire population. In contract, health care has as its aim the treatment or rehabilitation of illness. A population health perspective differs from traditional medical and health care thinking in two main ways:

1. population health strategies address the entire range of individual and collective factors that determine health - traditional health care focuses on risks and clinical factors related to particular diseases;
2. population health strategies are designed to affect whole groups or populations of people. Clinical health are deals with individuals one at a time, usually individuals who already have a health problem or are at significant risk of developing one. (Strategies for Population health - Investing in the Health of Canadians, 1994)

Positive Health: is associated with a capacity to enjoy life and to withstand challenges; it is not merely the absence of disease. Negative health is associated with morbidity ,and in extreme pre-mature mortality.

Physical Activity: is a process and fitness is a condition. - Physical activity can be defined as "any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure". It can be categorized into occupational, household, leisure-time and other activities. (Towards Active Living -1994)

Physical Fitness: is a set of attributes that are either health or skill related; the degree to which individuals possess these various attributes can be measured by specific tests. Components of Health related fitness - cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, body composition, flexibility and Skill -related fitness - agility, balance, coordination, speed, power, reaction time. (Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute)

Price Discrimination: involves charging alternative fees to different people for the same good or service. Social concerns and problems are forcing agencies to reevaluate their practices and to sometimes choose unusual methods to price their goods and services. (Colorado Parks/Recreation, 1993)

Psychological or emotional well-being: is a state represented by a preponderance of positive over negative affect. ...or some say .... psychological well-being is associated with a reduction in psychological distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress-related emotions)

Quality of Life: The attributes of a community which both influence and reflect the caliber of life afforded its residents. (Perdue, R., 1991)

A community’s quality of life is constructed of the shared characteristics residents experience in places, and the subjective evaluations residents make of those conditions. (Myers, 1987)

Recreation: In 1972, Recreation ministers from all Canadian provinces defined recreation as: "all those things that a person chooses to do in order to make their leisure time more interesting, more enjoyable and more personally satisfying." The resolution stated that; Recreation includes sports, physical recreation, artistic, creative, cultural, social and intellectual activities ; is a fundamental human need for citizens of all ages and essential to the psychological, social and physical well-being of man. Recreation is a social service in the same way that health and education are and the recreation purpose is: to assist individual and community development; to improve the quality of life and to enhance social functioning. (National Recreation Statement, Fitness Canada, Ottawa, 1987)

Recreation: In its broadest context, includes many elements: play, physical activity, art, fitness, games, music, spirituality, sports, parks, education and leadership are all a part of recreation. Regardless of the individuals potentially limiting conditions (physical/mental ability, economic status, age) or the community in which they are situated (urban, rural, long term care centre, group homes, etc.) the benefits of leisure should be accessible to all. Recreation facilitates a process for integration and/or reintegration into community participation and for development of human potential. (Saskatchewan Recreation Society, 1993)

Recreation Benefits: Recreation is basic and an essential part of our healthy lives. Recreation can play a vital role in educating and empowering all individuals to make positive lifestyle choices. Through involvement in quality recreation programs, significant benefits derived are: increased self-esteem, improved mental and physical health, improved quality of life, increased family cohesiveness, development and cooperation in the community and decreased health care costs. These benefits can be realized from individual, family and community perspectives regardless of current level of health, independence, ability or age. (Saskatchewan Recreation Society, 1993)

Self-concept : refers to perception of self; while self-esteem refers to the value placed on one’s self-concept, though the terms are used interchangeably (Malina, Towards Active Living 1994)

Sustainable Development: means living off the interest on our natural capital without encroaching on that capital itself. It requires that we :

• invest massively to build up our declining stocks of natural capital to increase future dividends
• implement strong policies to encourage forms of development that use progressively less energy, water and other materials and cause less pollution per unit of output
• change the way we count economic activity - and discount the future
  (MacNeil, J. 1996)

Tourism Impact Multipliers: Transactions multiplier - ratio of the total change in business sales in an area to the initial tourism expenditure that generated the sales; Output multiplier - ratio of the total productive output generated to the tourism expenditures; Income Multiplier - ratio of income (Labor, profits, dividends, interest and rent) to the traveler spending that generated them (often limited to wages and salaries); Employment multiplier - ratio of jobs produced by tourism spending to the amount of spending; government revenue multiplier - total amount of tax, fee, fine, license, public enterprise and other such revenue generated by one dollar in tourist spending. (Frechtling, D., 1994)

Total Economic Value (TEV): Components of valuing environmental costs and benefits are; direct use value (contributions to production or consumption), indirect use value (functional services that support direct use such as ecological functions like natural filtration of polluted water or recycling of nutrients), option value (the premium consumers are willing to pay to keep asset, existence value (satisfaction of knowing the asset exists), bequest value (desire to conserve environmental assets for the benefit of future generations). (Munasinghe, M., 1995)

Wellness: is a holistic concept , describing a state of positive health in the individual, and comprising physical, social, emotional, spiritual and psychological well-being.

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Canadian Parks/Recreation Association
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